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diff --git a/src/vi/ex-070224/ex.1 b/src/vi/ex-070224/ex.1 deleted file mode 100644 index 9e0115c..0000000 --- a/src/vi/ex-070224/ex.1 +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2045 +0,0 @@ -.\" -.\" This code contains changes by -.\" Gunnar Ritter, Freiburg i. Br., Germany, 2002. All rights reserved. -.\" -.\" Conditions 1, 2, and 4 and the no-warranty notice below apply -.\" to these changes. -.\" -.\" -.\" Copyright (c) 1980, 1993 -.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. -.\" -.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without -.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions -.\" are met: -.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright -.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. -.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright -.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the -.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. -.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software -.\" must display the following acknowledgement: -.\" This product includes software developed by the University of -.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors. -.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors -.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software -.\" without specific prior written permission. -.\" -.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND -.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE -.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE -.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE -.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL -.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS -.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) -.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT -.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY -.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF -.\" SUCH DAMAGE. -.\" -.\" -.\" Copyright(C) Caldera International Inc. 2001-2002. All rights reserved. -.\" -.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without -.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions -.\" are met: -.\" Redistributions of source code and documentation must retain the -.\" above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following -.\" disclaimer. -.\" Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright -.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the -.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. -.\" All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software -.\" must display the following acknowledgement: -.\" This product includes software developed or owned by Caldera -.\" International, Inc. -.\" Neither the name of Caldera International, Inc. nor the names of -.\" other contributors may be used to endorse or promote products -.\" derived from this software without specific prior written permission. -.\" -.\" USE OF THE SOFTWARE PROVIDED FOR UNDER THIS LICENSE BY CALDERA -.\" INTERNATIONAL, INC. AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR -.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED -.\" WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE -.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL CALDERA INTERNATIONAL, INC. BE -.\" LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR -.\" CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF -.\" SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR -.\" BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, -.\" WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE -.\" OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, -.\" EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. -.\" -.\" from ex.1 6.4.1 (2.11BSD) 1996/10/21 -.\" -.\" Sccsid @(#)ex.1 1.44 (gritter) 12/1/04 -.\" -.ie \n(.g==1 \{\ -.ds lq \(lq -.ds rq \(rq -.\} -.el \{\ -.ds lq `` -.ds rq '' -.\} -.TH EX 1 "12/1/04" "Ancient Unix Ports" "User Commands" -.SH NAME -ex, edit \- text editor -.SH SYNOPSIS -.HP -.ad l -\fBex\fR [\fB\-c\fI\ command\fR|\fB+\fIcommand\fR] -[\fB\-r\fR\ [\fIfilename\fR]] [\fB\-s\fR|\fB\-\fR] -[\fB\-t\fI\ tagstring\fR] [\fB\-w\fI\ size\fR] -[\fB\-lLRvV\fR] [\fIfile\fR ...] -.HP -.ad l -\fBedit\fR [\fB\-c\fI\ command\fR|\fB+\fIcommand\fR] -[\fB\-r\fR\ [\fIfilename\fR]] [\fB\-s\fR|\fB\-\fR] -[\fB\-t\fI\ tagstring\fR] [\fB\-w\fI\ size\fR] -[\fB\-lLRvV\fR] [\fIfile\fR ...] -.br -.ad b -.SH DESCRIPTION -.I Ex -is the root of a family of editors: -.I edit, -.I ex -and -.I vi. -.I Ex -is a superset of -.I ed, -with the most notable extension being a display editing facility. -Display based editing on -.SM CRT -terminals is the focus of -.IR vi . -.PP -For those who have not used -.I ed, -or for casual users, the editor -.I edit -may be convenient. -It avoids some of the complexities of -.I ex -used mostly by systems programmers and persons very familiar with -.I ed. -.PP -The following options are accepted: -.TP -\fB\-c\fP\fI\ command\fP or \fB+\fP\fIcommand\fP -Execute -.I command -when editing begins. -.TP -.B \-l -Start in a special mode useful for the -.I Lisp -programming language. -.TP -\fB\-r\fI\ [filename]\fR or \fB\-L\fR -When no argument is supplied with this option, -all files to be recovered are listed -and the editor exits immediately. -If a -.I filename -is specified, -the corresponding temporary file is opened in recovery mode. -.TP -.B \-R -Files are opened read-only when this option is given. -.TP -.BR \-s \ or\ \- -Script mode; -all feedback for interactive editing is disabled. -.SM EXINIT -and -.I .exrc -files are not processed. -.TP -.BI \-t \ tagstring -Read the -.I tags -file, -then choose the file and position specified by -.I tagstring -for editing. -.TP -.B \-v -Start in visual mode even if called as -.IR ex . -.TP -.B \-V -Echo command input to standard error, -unless it originates from a terminal. -.TP -.BI \-w \ size -Specify the size of the editing window for visual mode. -.\" from ex.rm 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/8/93 -.SS "File manipulation" -.I Ex -is normally editing the contents of a single file, -whose name is recorded in the -.I current -file name. -.I Ex -performs all editing actions in a buffer -(actually a temporary file) -into which the text of the file is initially read. -Changes made to the buffer have no effect on the file being -edited unless and until the buffer contents are written out to the -file with a -.I write -command. -After the buffer contents are written, -the previous contents of the written file are no longer accessible. -When a file is edited, -its name becomes the current file name, -and its contents are read into the buffer. -.PP -The current file is almost always considered to be -.I edited. -This means that the contents of the buffer are logically -connected with the current file name, -so that writing the current buffer contents onto that file, -even if it exists, -is a reasonable action. -If the current file is not -.I edited -then -.I ex -will not normally write on it if it already exists. -.PP -For saving blocks of text while editing, and especially when editing -more than one file, -.I ex -has a group of named buffers. -These are similar to the normal buffer, except that only a limited number -of operations are available on them. -The buffers have names -.I a -through -.I z. -.SS "Exceptional Conditions" -.PP -When errors occur -.I ex -(optionally) rings the terminal bell and, in any case, prints an error -diagnostic. If the primary input is from a file, editor processing -will terminate. If an interrupt signal is received, -.I ex -prints \*(lqInterrupt\*(rq and returns to its command level. If the primary -input is a file, then -.I ex -will exit when this occurs. -.PP -If a hangup signal is received and the buffer has been modified since -it was last written out, or if the system crashes, either the editor -(in the first case) or the system (after it reboots in the second) will -attempt to preserve the buffer. The next time the user logs in he should be -able to recover the work he was doing, losing at most a few lines of -changes from the last point before the hangup or editor crash. To -recover a file one can use the -.B \-r -option. If one was editing the file -.I resume, -then he should change -to the directory where he were when the crash occurred, giving the command -.RS -.sp -\fBex \-r\fP\fI resume\fP -.sp -.RE -After checking that the retrieved file is indeed ok, he can -.I write -it over the previous contents of that file. -.PP -The user will normally get mail from the system telling him when a file has -been saved after a crash. The command -.RS -.sp -\fBex\fP \-\fBr\fP -.sp -.RE -will print a list of the files which have been saved for the user. -.\"(In the case of a hangup, -.\"the file will not appear in the list, -.\"although it can be recovered.) -.SS "Editing modes" -.PP -.I Ex -has five distinct modes. The primary mode is -.I command -mode. Commands are entered in command mode when a `:' prompt is -present, and are executed each time a complete line is sent. In -.I "text input" -mode -.I ex -gathers input lines and places them in the file. The -.I append, -.I insert, -and -.I change -commands use text input mode. -No prompt is printed when in text input mode. -This mode is left by typing a `.' alone at the beginning of a line, and -.I command -mode resumes. -.PP -The last three modes are -.I open -and -.I visual -modes, entered by the commands of the same name, and, within open and -visual modes -.I "text insertion" -mode. -.I Open -and -.I visual -modes allow local editing operations to be performed on the text in the -file. The -.I open -command displays one line at a time on any terminal while -.I visual -works on -.SM CRT -terminals with random positioning cursors, using the -screen as a (single) window for file editing changes. -These modes are described (only) in -.I "An Introduction to Display Editing with Vi." -.SS "Command structure" -.PP -Most command names are English words, -and initial prefixes of the words are acceptable abbreviations. -The ambiguity of abbreviations is resolved in favor of the more commonly -used commands. -.PP -Most commands accept prefix addresses specifying the lines in the file -upon which they are to have effect. -The forms of these addresses will be discussed below. -A number of commands also may take a trailing -.I count -specifying the number of lines to be involved in the command. -Thus the command \*(lq10p\*(rq will print the tenth line in the buffer while -\*(lqdelete 5\*(rq will delete five lines from the buffer, -starting with the current line. -.PP -Some commands take other information or parameters, -this information always being given after the command name. -.PP -A number of commands have two distinct variants. -The variant form of the command is invoked by placing an -`!' immediately after the command name. -Some of the default variants may be controlled by options; -in this case, the `!' serves to toggle the default. -.PP -The characters `#', `p' and `l' may be placed after many commands -(A `p' or `l' must be preceded by a blank or tab -except in the single special case `dp'). -In this case, the command abbreviated by these characters -is executed after the command completes. -Since -.I ex -normally prints the new current line after each change, `p' is rarely necessary. -Any number of `+' or `\-' characters may also be given with these flags. -If they appear, the specified offset is applied to the current line -value before the printing command is executed. -.PP -It is possible to give editor commands which are ignored. -This is useful when making complex editor scripts -for which comments are desired. -The comment character is the double quote: ". -Any command line beginning with " is ignored. -Comments beginning with " may also be placed at the ends -of commands, except in cases where they could be confused as part -of text (shell escapes and the substitute and map commands). -.PP -More than one command may be placed on a line by separating each pair -of commands by a `|' character. -However the -.I global -commands, -comments, -and the shell escape `!' -must be the last command on a line, as they are not terminated by a `|'. -.SS "Command addressing" -.IP \fB.\fR 20 -The current line. -Most commands leave the current line as the last line which they affect. -The default address for most commands is the current line, -thus `\fB.\fR' is rarely used alone as an address. -.IP \fIn\fR 20 -The \fIn\fRth line in the editor's buffer, lines being numbered -sequentially from 1. -.IP \fB$\fR 20 -The last line in the buffer. -.IP \fB%\fR 20 -An abbreviation for \*(lq1,$\*(rq, the entire buffer. -.IP \fI+n\fR\ \fI\-n\fR 20 -An offset relative to the current buffer line. -The forms `.+3' `+3' and `+++' are all equivalent; -if the current line is line 100 they all address line 103. -.IP \fB/\fIpat\fR\fB/\fR\ \fB?\fIpat\fR\fB?\fR 20 -Scan forward and backward respectively for a line containing \fIpat\fR, a -regular expression (as defined below). The scans normally wrap around the end -of the buffer. -If all that is desired is to print the next line containing \fIpat\fR, then -the trailing \fB/\fR or \fB?\fR may be omitted. -If \fIpat\fP is omitted or explicitly empty, then the last -regular expression specified is located. -The forms \fB\e/\fP and \fB\e?\fP scan -using the last regular expression used in a scan; after a substitute -\fB//\fP and \fB??\fP would scan using the substitute's regular expression. -.IP \fB\(aa\(aa\fP\ \fB\(aa\fP\fIx\fP 20 -Before each non-relative motion of the current line `\fB.\fP', -the previous current line is marked with a tag, subsequently referred to as -`\(aa\(aa'. -This makes it easy to refer or return to this previous context. -Marks may also be established by the -.I mark -command, using single lower case letters -.I x -and the marked lines referred to as -`\(aa\fIx\fR'. -.PP -Addresses to commands consist of a series of addressing primitives, -separated by `,' or `;'. -Such address lists are evaluated left-to-right. -When addresses are separated by `;' the current line `\fB.\fR' -is set to the value of the previous addressing expression -before the next address is interpreted. -If more addresses are given than the command requires, -then all but the last one or two are ignored. -If the command takes two addresses, the first addressed line must -precede the second in the buffer. -.PP -Null address specifications are permitted in a list of addresses, -the default in this case is the current line `.'; -thus `,100' is equivalent to `\fB.\fR,100'. -It is an error to give a prefix address to a command which expects none. -.SS "Command descriptions" -.PP -The following form is a prototype for all -.I ex -commands: -.RS -.sp -\fIaddress\fR \fBcommand\fR \fI! parameters count flags\fR -.sp -.RE -All parts are optional; the degenerate case is the empty command which prints -the next line in the file. For sanity with use from within -.I visual -mode, -.I ex -ignores a \*(lq:\*(rq preceding any command. -.PP -In the following command descriptions, the -default addresses are shown in parentheses, -which are -.I not, -however, -part of the command. -.TP -\fBabbreviate\fR \fIword rhs\fP abbr: \fBab\fP -Add the named abbreviation to the current list. -When in input mode in visual, if -.I word -is typed as a complete word, it will be changed to -.I rhs . -.LP -( \fB.\fR ) \fBappend\fR abbr: \fBa\fR -.br -\fItext\fR -.br -\&\fB.\fR -.RS -Reads the input text and places it after the specified line. -After the command, `\fB.\fR' -addresses the last line input or the -specified line if no lines were input. -If address `0' is given, -text is placed at the beginning of the buffer. -.RE -.LP -\fBa!\fR -.br -\fItext\fR -.br -\&\fB.\fR -.RS -The variant flag to -.I append -toggles the setting for the -.I autoindent -option during the input of -.I text. -.RE -.TP -\fBargs\fR -The members of the argument list are printed, with the current argument -delimited by `[' and `]'. -.TP -\fBcd\fR \fIdirectory\fR -The -.I cd -command is a synonym for -.I chdir. -.LP -( \fB.\fP , \fB.\fP ) \fBchange\fP \fIcount\fP abbr: \fBc\fP -.br -\fItext\fP -.br -\&\fB.\fP -.RS -Replaces the specified lines with the input \fItext\fP. -The current line becomes the last line input; -if no lines were input it is left as for a -\fIdelete\fP. -.RE -.LP -\fBc!\fP -.br -\fItext\fP -.br -\&\fB.\fP -.RS -The variant toggles -.I autoindent -during the -.I change. -.RE -.TP -\fBchdir\fR \fIdirectory\fR -The specified \fIdirectory\fR becomes the current directory. -If no directory is specified, the current value of the -.I home -option is used as the target directory. -After a -.I chdir -the current file is not considered to have been -edited so that write restrictions on pre-existing files apply. -.TP -( \fB.\fP , \fB.\fP )\|\fBcopy\fP \fIaddr\fP \fIflags\fP abbr: \fBco\fP -A \fIcopy\fP -of the specified lines is placed after -.I addr, -which may be `0'. -The current line -`\fB.\fR' -addresses the last line of the copy. -The command -.I t -is a synonym for -.I copy. -.TP -( \fB.\fR , \fB.\fR )\|\fBdelete\fR \fIbuffer\fR \fIcount\fR \fIflags\fR abbr: \fBd\fR -Removes the specified lines from the buffer. -The line after the last line deleted becomes the current line; -if the lines deleted were originally at the end, -the new last line becomes the current line. -If a named -.I buffer -is specified by giving a letter, -then the specified lines are saved in that buffer, -or appended to it if an upper case letter is used. -.LP -\fBedit\fR \fIfile\fR abbr: \fBe\fR -.br -\fBex\fR \fIfile\fR -.RS -Used to begin an editing session on a new file. -The editor -first checks to see if the buffer has been modified since the last -.I write -command was issued. -If it has been, -a warning is issued and the -command is aborted. -The -command otherwise deletes the entire contents of the editor buffer, -makes the named file the current file and prints the new filename. -After insuring that this file is sensible -(i.e., that it is not a binary file such as a directory, -a block or character special file other than -.I /dev/tty, -a terminal, -or a binary or executable file), -the editor reads the file into its buffer. -.PP -If the read of the file completes without error, -the number of lines and characters read is typed. -Any null characters in the file are discarded. -If none of these errors occurred, the file is considered -.I edited. -If the last line of the input file is missing the trailing -newline character, it will be supplied and a complaint will be issued. -This command leaves the current line `\fB.\fR' at the last line read. -If executed from within -.I open -or -.I visual, -the current line is initially the first line of the file. -.RE -.TP -\fBe!\fR \fIfile\fR -The variant form suppresses the complaint about modifications having -been made and not written from the editor buffer, thus -discarding all changes which have been made before editing the new file. -.TP -\fBe\fR \fB+\fIn\fR \fIfile\fR -Causes the editor to begin at line -.I n -rather than at the last line; -\fIn\fR may also be an editor command containing no spaces, -e.g.: \*(lq+/pat\*(rq. -.TP -\fBfile\fR abbr: \fBf\fR -Prints the current file name, -whether it has been `[Modified]' since the last -.I write -command, -whether it is -.I "read only" , -the current line, -the number of lines in the buffer, -and the percentage of the way through the buffer of the current line. -In the rare case that the current file is `[Not edited]' this is -noted also; in this case one has to use the form \fBw!\fR to write to -the file, since the editor is not sure that a \fBwrite\fR will not -destroy a file unrelated to the current contents of the buffer. -.TP -\fBfile\fR \fIfile\fR -The current file name is changed to -.I file -which is considered -`[Not edited]'. -.TP -( 1 , $ ) \fBglobal\fR /\fIpat\|\fR/ \fIcmds\fR abbr: \fBg\fR -First marks each line among those specified which matches -the given regular expression. -Then the given command list is executed with `\fB.\fR' initially -set to each marked line. -.IP -The command list consists of the remaining commands on the current -input line and may continue to multiple lines by ending all but the -last such line with a `\e'. -If -.I cmds -(and possibly the trailing \fB/\fR delimiter) is omitted, each line matching -.I pat -is printed. -.I Append, -.I insert, -and -.I change -commands and associated input are permitted; -the `\fB.\fR' terminating input may be omitted if it would be on the -last line of the command list. -.I Open -and -.I visual -commands are permitted in the command list and take input from the terminal. -.IP -The -.I global -command itself may not appear in -.I cmds. -The -.I undo -command is also not permitted there, -as -.I undo -instead can be used to reverse the entire -.I global -command. -The options -.I autoprint -and -.I autoindent -are inhibited during a -.I global, -(and possibly the trailing \fB/\fR delimiter) and the value of the -.I report -option is temporarily infinite, -in deference to a \fIreport\fR for the entire global. -Finally, the context mark `\'\'' is set to the value of -`.' before the global command begins and is not changed during a global -command, -except perhaps by an -.I open -or -.I visual -within the -.I global. -.TP -\fBg!\fR \fB/\fIpat\fB/\fR \fIcmds\fR abbr: \fBv\fR -The variant form of \fIglobal\fR runs \fIcmds\fR at each line not matching -\fIpat\fR. -.LP -( \fB.\fR )\|\fBinsert\fR abbr: \fBi\fR -.br -\fItext\fR -.br -\&\fB.\fR -.RS -Places the given text before the specified line. -The current line is left at the last line input; -if there were none input it is left at the line before the addressed line. -This command differs from -.I append -only in the placement of text. -.RE -.LP -\fBi!\fR -.br -\fItext\fR -.br -\&\fB.\fR -.RS -The variant toggles -.I autoindent -during the -.I insert. -.RE -.TP -( \fB.\fR , \fB.\fR+1 ) \fBjoin\fR \fIcount\fR \fIflags\fR abbr: \fBj\fR -Places the text from a specified range of lines -together on one line. -White space is adjusted at each junction to provide at least -one blank character, two if there was a `\fB.\fR' at the end of the line, -or none if the first following character is a `)'. -If there is already white space at the end of the line, -then the white space at the start of the next line will be discarded. -.TP -\fBj!\fR -The variant causes a simpler -.I join -with no white space processing; the characters in the lines are simply -concatenated. -.TP -( \fB.\fR ) \fBk\fR \fIx\fR -The -.I k -command is a synonym for -.I mark. -It does not require a blank or tab before the following letter. -.TP -( \fB.\fR , \fB.\fR ) \fBlist\fR \fIcount\fR \fIflags\fR -Prints the specified lines in a more unambiguous way: -tabs are printed as `^I' -and the end of each line is marked with a trailing `$'. -The current line is left at the last line printed. -.TP -\fBmap\fR[\fB!\fR] \fIlhs\fR \fIrhs\fR -The -.I map -command is used to define macros for use in -.I visual -command mode. -.I Lhs -should be a single character, or the sequence \*(lq#n\*(rq, for n a digit, -referring to function key \fIn\fR. When this character or function key -is typed in -.I visual -mode, it will be as though the corresponding \fIrhs\fR had been typed. -On terminals without function keys, the user can type \*(lq#n\*(rq. -If the `\fB!\fP' character follows the command name, -the mapping is interpreted in input mode. -See section 6.9 of the \*(lqIntroduction to Display Editing with Vi\*(rq -for more details. -.TP -( \fB.\fR ) \fBmark\fR \fIx\fR -Gives the specified line mark -.I x, -a single lower case letter. -The -.I x -must be preceded by a blank or a tab. -The addressing form `\'x' then addresses this line. -The current line is not affected by this command. -.TP -( \fB.\fR , \fB.\fR ) \fBmove\fR \fIaddr\fR abbr: \fBm\fR -The -.I move -command repositions the specified lines to be after -.I addr . -The first of the moved lines becomes the current line. -.TP -\fBnext\fR abbr: \fBn\fR -The next file from the command line argument list is edited. -.TP -\fBn!\fR -The variant suppresses warnings about the modifications to the buffer not -having been written out, discarding (irretrievably) any changes which may -have been made. -.LP -\fBn\fR \fIfilelist\fR -.br -\fBn\fR \fB+\fIcommand\fR \fIfilelist\fR -.RS -The specified -.I filelist -is expanded and the resulting list replaces the -current argument list; -the first file in the new list is then edited. -If -.I command -is given (it must contain no spaces), then it is executed after editing the first such file. -.RE -.TP -( \fB.\fR , \fB.\fR ) \fBnumber\fR \fIcount\fR \fIflags\fR abbr: \fB#\fR or \fBnu\fR -Prints each specified line preceded by its buffer line -number. -The current line is left at the last line printed. -.LP -( \fB.\fR ) \fBopen\fR \fIflags\fR abbr: \fBo\fR -.br -( \fB.\fR ) \fBopen\fR /\fIpat\|\fR/ \fIflags\fR -.RS -Enters intraline editing \fIopen\fR mode at each addressed line. -If -.I pat -is given, -then the cursor will be placed initially at the beginning of the -string matched by the pattern. -To exit this mode use Q. -See -.I "An Introduction to Display Editing with Vi" -for more details. -.RE -.TP -\fBpreserve\fR -The current editor buffer is saved as though the system had just crashed. -This command is for use only in emergencies when a -.I write -command has resulted in an error. -.TP -( \fB.\fR , \fB.\fR )\|\fBprint\fR \fIcount\fR abbr: \fBp\fR or \fBP\fR -Prints the specified lines -with non-printing characters printed as control characters `^\fIx\fR\|'; -delete (octal 177) is represented as `^?'. -The current line is left at the last line printed. -.TP -( \fB.\fR )\|\fBput\fR \fIbuffer\fR abbr: \fBpu\fR -Puts back -previously -.I deleted -or -.I yanked -lines. -Normally used with -.I delete -to effect movement of lines, -or with -.I yank -to effect duplication of lines. -If no -.I buffer -is specified, then the last -.I deleted -or -.I yanked -text is restored. -But no modifying commands may intervene between the -.I delete -or -.I yank -and the -.I put, -nor may lines be moved between files without using a named buffer. -By using a named buffer, text may be restored that was saved there at any -previous time. -.TP -\fBquit\fR abbr: \fBq\fR -Causes -.I ex -to terminate. -No automatic write of the editor buffer to a file is performed. -However, -.I ex -issues a warning message if the file has changed -since the last -.I write -command was issued, and does not -.I quit. -\fIEx\fR -will also issue a diagnostic if there are more files in the argument -list. -.FE -Normally, the user will wish to save his changes, and he -should give a \fIwrite\fR command; -if he wishes to discard them, he should the \fBq!\fR command variant. -.TP -\fBq!\fR -Quits from the editor, discarding changes to the buffer without complaint. -.TP -( \fB.\fR ) \fBread\fR \fIfile\fR abbr: \fBr\fR -Places a copy of the text of the given file in the -editing buffer after the specified line. -If no -.I file -is given the current file name is used. -The current file name is not changed unless there is none in which -case -.I file -becomes the current name. -The sensibility restrictions for the -.I edit -command apply here also. -If the file buffer is empty and there is no current name then -.I ex -treats this as an -.I edit -command. -.IP -Address `0' is legal for this command and causes the file to be read at -the beginning of the buffer. -Statistics are given as for the -.I edit -command when the -.I read -successfully terminates. -After a -.I read -the current line is the last line read. -Within -.I open -and -.I visual -the current line is set to the first line read rather than the last. -.TP -( \fB.\fR ) \fBread\fR \fB!\fR\fIcommand\fR -Reads the output of the command -.I command -into the buffer after the specified line. -This is not a variant form of the command, rather a read -specifying a -.I command -rather than a -.I filename; -a blank or tab before the \fB!\fR is mandatory. -.TP -\fBrecover \fIfile\fR -Recovers -.I file -from the system save area. -Used after a accidental hangup of the phone -or a system crash or -.I preserve -command. -Except when -.I preserve -is used, the user will be notified by mail when a file is saved. -.TP -\fBrewind\fR abbr: \fBrew\fR -The argument list is rewound, and the first file in the list is edited. -.TP -\fBrew!\fR -Rewinds the argument list discarding any changes made to the current buffer. -.TP -\fBset\fR \fIparameter\fR -With no arguments, prints those options whose values have been -changed from their defaults; -with parameter -.I all -it prints all of the option values. -.IP -Giving an option name followed by a `?' -causes the current value of that option to be printed. -The `?' is unnecessary unless the option is Boolean valued. -Boolean options are given values either by the form -`set \fIoption\fR' to turn them on or -`set no\fIoption\fR' to turn them off; -string and numeric options are assigned via the form -`set \fIoption\fR=value'. -.IP -More than one parameter may be given to -.I set \|; -they are interpreted left-to-right. -.IP -A list of options can be found below. -.TP -\fBshell\fR abbr: \fBsh\fR -A new shell is created. -When it terminates, editing resumes. -.TP -\fBsource\fR \fIfile\fR abbr: \fBso\fR -Reads and executes commands from the specified file. -.I Source -commands may be nested. -.LP -.ad l -(\ \fB.\fR\ ,\ \fB.\fR\ )\ \fBsubstitute\fR\ /\fIpat\fR\|/\fIrepl\fR\|/\ \fIoptions\fR\ \fIcount\fR\ \fIflags\fR -.RS -abbr: \fBs\fR -.br -.ad b -On each specified line, the first instance of pattern -.I pat -is replaced by replacement pattern -.I repl. -If the -.I global -indicator option character `g' -appears, then all instances are substituted; -if the -.I confirm -indication character `c' appears, -then before each substitution the line to be substituted -is typed with the string to be substituted marked -with `^' characters. -By typing an `y' one can cause the substitution to be performed, -any other input causes no change to take place. -After a -.I substitute -the current line is the last line substituted. -.PP -Lines may be split by substituting -new-line characters into them. -The newline in -.I repl -must be escaped by preceding it with a `\e'. -Other metacharacters available in -.I pat -and -.I repl -are described below. -.RE -.TP -.B stop -Suspends the editor, returning control to the top level shell. -If -.I autowrite -is set and there are unsaved changes, -a write is done first unless the form -.B stop ! -is used. -This commands is only available where supported by the teletype driver, -shell and operating system. -.TP -( \fB.\fR , \fB.\fR ) \fBsubstitute\fR \fIoptions\fR \fIcount\fR \fIflags\fR abbr: \fBs\fR -If -.I pat -and -.I repl -are omitted, then the last substitution is repeated. -This is a synonym for the -.B & -command. -.TP -( \fB.\fR , \fB.\fR ) \fBt\fR \fIaddr\fR \fIflags\fR -The -.I t -command is a synonym for -.I copy . -.TP -\fBta\fR \fItag\fR -The focus of editing switches to the location of -.I tag, -switching to a different line in the current file where it is defined, -or if necessary to another file. -.IP -The tags file is normally created by a program such as -.I ctags, -and consists of a number of lines with three fields separated by blanks -or tabs. The first field gives the name of the tag, -the second the name of the file where the tag resides, and the third -gives an addressing form which can be used by the editor to find the tag; -this field is usually a contextual scan using `/\fIpat\fR/' to be immune -to minor changes in the file. Such scans are always performed as if -.I nomagic -was set. -.IP -The tag names in the tags file must be sorted alphabetically. -.TP -\fBunabbreviate\fR \fIword\fP abbr: \fBuna\fP -Delete -.I word -from the list of abbreviations. -.TP -\fBundo\fR abbr: \fBu\fR -Reverses the changes made in the buffer by the last -buffer editing command. -Note that -.I global -commands are considered a single command for the purpose of -.I undo -(as are -.I open -and -.I visual.) -Also, the commands -.I write -and -.I edit -which interact with the -file system cannot be undone. -.I Undo -is its own inverse. -.IP -.I Undo -always marks the previous value of the current line `\fB.\fR' -as `\'\''. -After an -.I undo -the current line is the first line restored -or the line before the first line deleted if no lines were restored. -For commands with more global effect -such as -.I global -and -.I visual -the current line regains it's pre-command value after an -.I undo. -.TP -\fBunmap\fR[\fB!\fR] \fIlhs\fR -The macro expansion associated by -.I map -for -.I lhs -is removed. -.TP -( 1 , $ ) \fBv\fR /\fIpat\fR\|/ \fIcmds\fR -A synonym for the -.I global -command variant \fBg!\fR, running the specified \fIcmds\fR on each -line which does not match \fIpat\fR. -.TP -\fBversion\fR abbr: \fBve\fR -Prints the current version number of the editor -as well as the date the editor was last changed. -.TP -( \fB.\fR ) \fBvisual\fR \fItype\fR \fIcount\fR \fIflags\fR abbr: \fBvi\fR -Enters visual mode at the specified line. -.I Type -is optional and may be `\-' , `^' or `\fB.\fR' -as in the -.I z -command to specify the placement of the specified line on the screen. -By default, if -.I type -is omitted, the specified line is placed as the first on the screen. -A -.I count -specifies an initial window size; the default is the value of the option -.I window. -See the document -.I "An Introduction to Display Editing with Vi" -for more details. -To exit this mode, type Q. -.LP -\fBvisual\fP file -.br -\fBvisual\fP +\fIn\fP file -.RS -From visual mode, -this command is the same as edit. -.RE -.TP -( 1 , $ ) \fBwrite\fR \fIfile\fR abbr: \fBw\fR -Writes changes made back to \fIfile\fR, printing the number of lines and -characters written. -Normally \fIfile\fR is omitted and the text goes back where it came from. -If a \fIfile\fR is specified, then text will be written to that file. -If the file does not exist it is created. -The current file name is changed only if there is no current file -name; the current line is never changed. -.IP -If an error occurs while writing the current and -.I edited -file, the editor -considers that there has been \*(lqNo write since last change\*(rq -even if the buffer had not previously been modified. -.TP -( 1 , $ ) \fBwrite>>\fR \fIfile\fR abbr: \fBw>>\fR -Writes the buffer contents at the end of -an existing file. -.IP -.TP -\fBw!\fR \fIname\fR -Overrides the checking of the normal \fIwrite\fR command, -and will write to any file which the system permits. -.TP -( 1 , $ ) \fBw\fR \fB!\fR\fIcommand\fR -Writes the specified lines into -.I command. -Note the difference between \fBw!\fR which overrides checks and -\fBw\ \ !\fR which writes to a command. -.TP -\fBwq\fR \fIname\fR -Like a \fIwrite\fR and then a \fIquit\fR command. -.TP -\fBwq!\fR \fIname\fR -The variant overrides checking on the sensibility of the -.I write -command, as \fBw!\fR does. -.TP -\fBxit\fP \fIname\fR -If any changes have been made -and not written to any file, -writes the buffer out. -Then, in any case, quits. -.TP -( \fB.\fR , \fB.\fR )\|\fByank\fR \fIbuffer\fR \fIcount\fR abbr: \fBya\fR -Places the specified lines in the named -.I buffer, -for later retrieval via -.I put. -If no buffer name is specified, the lines go to a more volatile place; -see the \fIput\fR command description. -.TP -( \fB.+1\fR ) \fBz\fR \fIcount\fR -Print the next \fIcount\fR lines, default \fIwindow\fR. -.TP -( \fB.\fR ) \fBz\fR \fItype\fR \fIcount\fR -Prints a window of text with the specified line at the top. -If \fItype\fR is `\-' the line is placed at the bottom; a `\fB.\fR' causes -the line to be placed in the center. -A count gives the number of lines to be displayed rather than -double the number specified by the \fIscroll\fR option. -On a \s-1CRT\s0 the screen is cleared before display begins unless a -count which is less than the screen size is given. -The current line is left at the last line printed. -Forms `z=' and `z^' also exist; `z=' places the current line in the -center, surrounds it with lines of `\-' characters and leaves the current -line at this line. The form `z^' prints the window before `z\-' -would. The characters `+', `^' and `\-' may be repeated for cumulative -effect. -.TP -\fB!\fR \fIcommand\fR\fR -The remainder of the line after the `!' character is sent to a shell -to be executed. -Within the text of -.I command -the characters -`%' and `#' are expanded as in filenames and the character -`!' is replaced with the text of the previous command. -Thus, in particular, -`!!' repeats the last such shell escape. -If any such expansion is performed, the expanded line will be echoed. -The current line is unchanged by this command. -.IP -If there has been \*(lq[No\ write]\*(rq of the buffer contents since the last -change to the editing buffer, then a diagnostic will be printed -before the command is executed as a warning. -A single `!' is printed when the command completes. -.TP -( \fIaddr\fR , \fIaddr\fR ) \fB!\fR \fIcommand\fR\fR -Takes the specified address range and supplies it as -standard input to -.I command; -the resulting output then replaces the input lines. -.TP -( $ ) \fB=\fR -Prints the line number of the -addressed line. -The current line is unchanged. -.LP -( \fB.\fR , \fB.\fR ) \fB>\fR \fIcount\fR \fIflags\fR -.br -( \fB.\fR , \fB.\fR ) \fB<\fR \fIcount\fR \fIflags\fR -.RS -Perform intelligent shifting on the specified lines; -\fB<\fR shifts left and \fB>\fR shift right. -The quantity of shift is determined by the -.I shiftwidth -option and the repetition of the specification character. -Only white space (blanks and tabs) is shifted; -no non-white characters are discarded in a left-shift. -The current line becomes the last line which changed due to the -shifting. -.RE -.TP -\fB^D\fR -An end-of-file from a terminal input scrolls through the file. -The -.I scroll -option specifies the size of the scroll, normally a half screen of text. -.LP -( \fB.\fR+1 , \fB.\fR+1 ) -.br -( \fB.\fR+1 , \fB.\fR+1 ) | -.RS -An address alone causes the addressed lines to be printed. -A blank line prints the next line in the file. -.RE -.TP -( \fB.\fR , \fB.\fR ) \fB&\fR \fIoptions\fR \fIcount\fR \fIflags\fR -Repeats the previous -.I substitute -command. -.TP -( \fB.\fR , \fB.\fR ) \fB\s+2~\s0\fR \fIoptions\fR \fIcount\fR \fIflags\fR -Replaces the previous regular expression with the previous -replacement pattern from a substitution. -.SS "Regular expressions" -.PP -A regular expression specifies a set of strings of characters. -A member of this set of strings is said to be -.I matched -by the regular expression. -.I Ex -remembers two previous regular expressions: -the previous regular expression used in a -.I substitute -command -and the previous regular expression used elsewhere -(referred to as the previous \fIscanning\fR regular expression.) -The previous regular expression -can always be referred to by a null \fIre\fR, e.g. `//' or `??'. -.PP -The following basic constructs are used to construct -.I magic -mode regular expressions. -.IP \fIchar\fR 15 -An ordinary character matches itself. -The characters `\fB^\fR' at the beginning of a line, -`\fB$\fR' at the end of line, -`\fB*\fR' as any character other than the first, -`\fB.\fR', `\fB\e\fR', `\fB[\fR', -and `\s+2\fB~\fR\s0' are not ordinary characters and -must be escaped (preceded) by `\fB\e\fR' to be treated as such. -.IP \fB^\fR -At the beginning of a pattern -forces the match to succeed only at the beginning of a line. -.IP \fB$\fR -At the end of a regular expression forces the match to -succeed only at the end of the line. -.IP \&\fB.\fR -Matches any single character except -the new-line character. -.IP \fB\e<\fR -Forces the match -to occur only at the beginning of a \*(lqvariable\*(rq or \*(lqword\*(rq; -that is, either at the beginning of a line, or just before -a letter, digit, or underline and after a character not one of -these. -.IP \fB\e>\fR -Similar to `\e<', but matching the end of a \*(lqvariable\*(rq -or \*(lqword\*(rq, i.e. either the end of the line or before character -which is neither a letter, nor a digit, nor the underline character. -.IP \fB[\fIstring\fR\fB]\fR -Matches any (single) character in the class defined by -.I string. -Most characters in -.I string -define themselves. -.br -\ \ A pair of characters separated by `\fB\-\fR' in -.I string -defines the set of characters collating between the specified lower and upper -bounds, thus `[a\-z]' as a regular expression matches -any (single) -.SM ASCII -lower-case letter. -.br -\ \ If the sequence `\fB[:\fIclass\fB:]\fR' appears in -.IR string , -where class is one of -.RB ` alnum ', -.RB ` alpha ', -.RB ` blank ', -.RB ` cntrl ', -.RB ` digit ', -.RB ` graph ', -.RB ` lower ', -.RB ` print ', -.RB ` punct ', -.RB ` space ', -.RB ` upper ', -.RB ` xdigit ', -or a locale-specific character class, -all characters that belong to the given class are matched. -Thus `[[:lower:]]' matches any lower-case letter, -possibly including characters beyond the scope of -.SM ASCII. -.br -\ \ If the first character of -.I string -is an `\fB^\fR' then the construct -matches those characters which it otherwise would not; -thus `[^a\-z]' matches anything but an -.SM ASCII -lower-case letter -(and of course a newline). -.br -\ \ Backslash `\e' is interpreted as an escape character. -To place a `\e' character in -.IR string , -write it twice: `\e\e'; -to place any of the characters -`^', `[', or `\-' in -.IR string , -you escape them with a preceding `\e'. -.br -\ \ Characters also lose their special meaning by position: -`^' is an ordinary character unless immediately -following the initial `[', -`]' is an ordinary character if immediately -following the initial `[' (or `^', if present), -and `\-' is an ordinary character if placed immediately -behind `[' or `^', or before ']'. -.PP -The concatenation of two regular expressions matches the leftmost and -then longest string -which can be divided with the first piece matching the first regular -expression and the second piece matching the second. -.PP -A regular expression may be enclosed between the sequences -`\fB\e(\fR' and `\fB\e)\fR', -which matches whatever the enclosed expression matches. -.PP -Any of the (single character matching) regular expressions mentioned above -or a regular expression surrounded by `\e(' and '\e)' -may be followed by the character `\fB*\fR' to form a regular expression -which matches any number of adjacent occurrences (including 0) of characters -matched by the regular expression it follows. -.PP -A single character regular expression -or a regular expression surrounded by `\e(' and '\e)' -followed by `\fB\e{\fIm\fB,\fIn\fB\e}\fR' -matches a sequence of \fIm\fP through \fIn\fP occurences, inclusive, -of the single character expression. -The values of \fIm\fP and \fIn\fP -must be non-negative and smaller than 255. -The form `\fB\e{\fIm\fB\e}\fR' matches exactly \fIm\fP occurences, -`\fB\e{\fIm\fB,\e}\fR' matches at least \fIm\fP occurences. -.PP -The character `\s+2\fB~\fR\s0' may be used in a regular expression, -and matches the text which defined the replacement part -of the last -.I substitute -command. -.PP -The sequence `\fB\e\fIn\fR' matches the text that was matched by the -\fIn\fR-th regular subexpression enclosed between `\e(' and `\e)' -earlier in the expression. -.SS "Substitute replacement patterns" -.PP -The basic metacharacters for the replacement pattern are -`\fB&\fR', `\fB~\fR', and `\fB#\fR'; the first two of them are -given as `\fB\e&\fR' and `\fB\e~\fR' when -.I nomagic -is set. -Each instance of `\fB&\fR' is replaced by the characters -which the regular expression matched. -The metacharacter `\fB~\fR' stands, in the replacement pattern, -for the defining text of the previous replacement pattern. -If the entire replacement pattern is `\fB#\fR', -the defining text of the previous replacement pattern is used. -.PP -Other metasequences possible in the replacement pattern -are always introduced by the escaping character `\fB\e\fR'. -The sequence `\fB\e\fIn\fR' is replaced by the text matched -by the \fIn\fR-th regular subexpression enclosed between -`\e(' and `\e)'. -When nested, parenthesized subexpressions are present, -\fIn\fR is determined by counting occurrences of `\e(' starting from the left. -The sequences `\fB\eu\fR' and `\fB\el\fR' -cause the immediately following character in -the replacement to be converted to upper- or lower-case respectively -if this character is a letter. -The sequences `\fB\eU\fR' and `\fB\eL\fR' -turn such conversion on, -either until `\fB\eE\fR' or `\fB\ee\fR' is encountered, -or until the end of the replacement pattern. -.SS "Option descriptions" -.PP -.TP -\fBautoindent\fR, \fBai\fR default: noai -Can be used to ease the preparation of structured program text. -At the beginning of each -.I append , -.I change -or -.I insert -command -or when a new line is -.I opened -or created by an -.I append , -.I change , -.I insert , -or -.I substitute -operation within -.I open -or -.I visual -mode, -.I ex -looks at the line being appended after, -the first line changed -or the line inserted before and calculates the amount of white space -at the start of the line. -It then aligns the cursor at the level of indentation so determined. -.IP -If the user then types lines of text in, -they will continue to be justified at the displayed indenting level. -If more white space is typed at the beginning of a line, -the following line will start aligned with the first non-white character -of the previous line. -To back the cursor up to the preceding tab stop one can hit -\fB^D\fR. -The tab stops going backwards are defined at multiples of the -.I shiftwidth -option. -The user -.I cannot -backspace over the indent, -except by sending an end-of-file with a \fB^D\fR. -.IP -Specially processed in this mode is a line with no characters added -to it, which turns into a completely blank line (the white -space provided for the -.I autoindent -is discarded.) -Also specially processed in this mode are lines beginning with -an `^' and immediately followed by a \fB^D\fR. -This causes the input to be repositioned at the beginning of the line, -but retaining the previous indent for the next line. -Similarly, a `0' followed by a \fB^D\fR -repositions at the beginning but without -retaining the previous indent. -.IP -.I Autoindent -doesn't happen in -.I global -commands or when the input is not a terminal. -.TP -\fBautoprint\fR, \fBap\fR default: ap -Causes the current line to be printed after each -.I delete , -.I copy , -.I join , -.I move , -.I substitute , -.I t , -.I undo -or -shift command. -This has the same effect as supplying a trailing `p' -to each such command. -.I Autoprint -is suppressed in globals, -and only applies to the last of many commands on a line. -.TP -\fBautowrite\fR, \fBaw\fR default: noaw -Causes the contents of the buffer to be written to the current file -if the user has modified it and gives a -.I next, -.I rewind, -.I stop, -.I tag, -or -.I ! -command, or a \fB^^\fR (switch files) or \fB^]\fR (tag goto) command -in -.I visual. -Note, that the -.I edit -and -.I ex -commands do -.B not -autowrite. -In each case, there is an equivalent way of switching when autowrite -is set to avoid the -.I autowrite -(\fIedit\fR -for -.I next , -.I rewind! -for .I rewind , -.I stop! -for -.I stop , -.I tag! -for -.I tag , -.I shell -for -.I ! , -and -\fB:e\ #\fR and a \fB:ta!\fR command from within -.I visual). -.TP -\fBbeautify\fR, \fBbf\fR default: nobeautify -Causes all control characters except tab, newline and form-feed -to be discarded from the input. -A complaint is registered the first time a -backspace character is discarded. -.I Beautify -does not apply to command input. -.TP -\fBdirectory\fR, \fBdir\fR default: dir=/tmp -Specifies the directory in which -.I ex -places its buffer file. -If this directory in not -writable, then the editor will exit abruptly when it fails to be -able to create its buffer there. -.TP -\fBedcompatible\fR default: noedcompatible -Causes the presence of absence of -.B g -and -.B c -suffixes on substitute commands to be remembered, and to be toggled -by repeating the suffices. The suffix -.B r -makes the substitution be as in the -.I ~ -command, instead of like -.I &. -.TP -\fBerrorbells\fR, \fBeb\fR default: noeb -Error messages are preceded by a bell. -Bell ringing in -.I open -and -.I visual -on errors is not suppressed by setting -.I noeb. -If possible the editor always places the error message in a standout mode of the -terminal (such as inverse video) instead of ringing the bell. -.TP -\fBexrc\fR default: noexrc -If set, the current directory is searched for a -.I .exrc -file on startup. -If this file is found, -its content is treated as -.I ex -commands and executed immediately after the contents of -.I $HOME/.exrc -on startup. -.TP -\fBflash\fR, \fBfl\fR default: flash -If the terminal provides the \*(lqvisual bell\*(rq capability, -ex will use it instead of the audible bell if -.I flash -is set. -.TP -\fBhardtabs\fR, \fBht\fR default: ht=8 -Gives the boundaries on which terminal hardware tabs are set (or -on which the system expands tabs). -.TP -\fBignorecase\fR, \fBic\fR default: noic -All upper case characters in the text are mapped to lower case in regular -expression matching. -In addition, all upper case characters in regular expressions are mapped -to lower case except in character class specifications. -.TP -\fBlisp\fR default: nolisp -\fIAutoindent\fR indents appropriately for -.I lisp -code, and the \fB( ) { } [[\fR and \fB]]\fR commands in -.I open -and -.I visual -are modified to have meaning for \fIlisp\fR. -.TP -\fBlist\fR default: nolist -All printed lines will be displayed (more) unambiguously, -showing tabs and end-of-lines as in the -.I list -command. -.TP -\fBmagic\fR default: magic for \fIex\fR and \fIvi\fR, \fINomagic\fR for \fIedit\fR. -If -.I nomagic -is set, the number of regular expression metacharacters is greatly reduced, -with only `^' and `$' having special effects. -In addition the metacharacters -`~' -and -`&' -of the replacement pattern are treated as normal characters. -All the normal metacharacters may be made -.I magic -when -.I nomagic -is set by preceding them with a `\e'. -.TP -\fBmesg\fR default: mesg -Causes write permission to be turned off to the terminal -while the user is in visual mode, if -.I nomesg -is set. -.TP -\fBmodelines, ml\fR default: nomodelines -If -.I modelines -is set, then the first 5 lines and the last five lines of the file -will be checked for ex command lines and the comands issued. -To be recognized as a command line, the line must have the string -.B ex: -or -.B vi: -in it. -.\" preceeded by a tab or a space. -This string may be anywhere in the line and anything after the -.I : -is interpeted as editor commands. This option defaults to off because -of unexpected behavior when editting files such as -.I /etc/passwd. -.TP -\fBnumber, nu\fR default: nonumber -Causes all output lines to be printed with their -line numbers. -In addition each input line will be prompted for by supplying the line number -it will have. -.TP -\fBopen\fR default: open -If \fInoopen\fR, the commands -.I open -and -.I visual -are not permitted. -.\"This is set for -.\".I edit -.\"to prevent confusion resulting from accidental entry to -.\"open or visual mode. -.TP -\fBoptimize, opt\fR default: optimize -Throughput of text is expedited by setting the terminal -to not do automatic carriage returns -when printing more than one (logical) line of output, -greatly speeding output on terminals without addressable -cursors when text with leading white space is printed. -.TP -\fBparagraphs,\ para\fR default: para=IPLPPPQPP\0LIbp -Specifies the paragraphs for the \fB{\fR and \fB}\fR operations in -.I open -and -.I visual. -The pairs of characters in the option's value are the names -of the macros which start paragraphs. -.TP -\fBprompt\fR default: prompt -Command mode input is prompted for with a `:'. -.TP -\fBredraw\fR default: noredraw -The editor simulates (using great amounts of output), an intelligent -terminal on a dumb terminal (e.g. during insertions in -.I visual -the characters to the right of the cursor position are refreshed -as each input character is typed.) -Useful only at very high speed. -.TP -\fBremap\fP default: remap -If on, macros are repeatedly tried until they are unchanged. -For example, if -.B o -is mapped to -.B O , -and -.B O -is mapped to -.B I , -then if -.I remap -is set, -.B o -will map to -.B I , -but if -.I noremap -is set, it will map to -.B O . -.TP -\fBreport\fR default: report=5, 2 for \fIedit\fR. -Specifies a threshold for feedback from commands. -Any command which modifies more than the specified number of lines -will provide feedback as to the scope of its changes. -For commands such as -.I global , -.I open , -.I undo , -and -.I visual -which have potentially more far reaching scope, -the net change in the number of lines in the buffer is -presented at the end of the command, subject to this same threshold. -Thus notification is suppressed during a -.I global -command on the individual commands performed. -.TP -\fBscroll\fR default: scroll=\(12 window -Determines the number of logical lines scrolled when an end-of-file -is received from a terminal input in command mode, -and the number of lines printed by a command mode -.I z -command (double the value of -.I scroll ). -.TP -\fBsections\fR default: sections=SHNHH\0HU -Specifies the section macros for the \fB[[\fR and \fB]]\fR operations -in -.I open -and -.I visual. -The pairs of characters in the options's value are the names -of the macros which start paragraphs. -.TP -\fBshell\fR, \fBsh\fR default: sh=/bin/sh -Gives the path name of the shell forked for -the shell escape command `!', and by the -.I shell -command. -The default is taken from SHELL in the environment, if present. -.TP -\fBshiftwidth\fR, \fBsw\fR default: sw=8 -Gives the width a software tab stop, -used in reverse tabbing with \fB^D\fR when using -.I autoindent -to append text, -and by the shift commands. -.TP -\fBshowmatch, sm\fR default: nosm -In -.I open -and -.I visual -mode, when a \fB)\fR or \fB}\fR is typed, move the cursor to the matching -\fB(\fR or \fB{\fR for one second if this matching character is on the -screen. Extremely useful with -.I lisp. -.TP -\fBshowmode, smd\fR default: nosmd -In -.I visual -mode, show a description of the current editing mode -in the window's lower right corner. -.TP -\fBslowopen, slow\fR terminal dependent -Affects the display algorithm used in -.I visual -mode, holding off display updating during input of new text to improve -throughput when the terminal in use is both slow and unintelligent. -See -.I "An Introduction to Display Editing with Vi" -for more details. -.TP -\fBtabstop,\ ts\fR default: ts=8 -The editor expands tabs in the input file to be on -.I tabstop -boundaries for the purposes of display. -.TP -\fBtaglength,\ tl\fR default: tl=0 -Tags are not significant beyond this many characters. -A value of zero (the default) means that all characters are significant. -.TP -\fBtags\fR default: tags=tags /usr/lib/tags -A path of files to be used as tag files for the -.I tag -command. -A requested tag is searched for in the specified files, sequentially. -By default, files called -.B tags -are searched for in the current directory and in /usr/lib -(a master file for the entire system). -.TP -\fBterm\fR from environment TERM -The terminal type of the output device. -.TP -\fBterse\fR default: noterse -Shorter error diagnostics are produced for the experienced user. -.TP -\fBwarn\fR default: warn -Warn if there has been `[No write since last change]' before a `!' -command escape. -.TP -\fBwindow\fR default: window=speed dependent -The number of lines in a text window in the -.I visual -command. -The default is 8 at slow speeds (600 baud or less), -16 at medium speed (1200 baud), -and the full screen (minus one line) at higher speeds. -.TP -\fBw300,\ w1200,\ w9600\fR -These are not true options but set -.B window -only if the speed is slow (300), medium (1200), or high (9600), -respectively. -They are suitable for an EXINIT -and make it easy to change the 8/16/full screen rule. -.TP -\fBwrapscan\fR, \fBws\fR default: ws -Searches using the regular expressions in addressing -will wrap around past the end of the file. -.TP -\fBwrapmargin\fR, \fBwm\fR default: wm=0 -Defines a margin for automatic wrapover of text during input in -.I open -and -.I visual -modes. See -.I "An Introduction to Text Editing with Vi" -for details. -.TP -\fBwriteany\fR, \fBwa\fR default: nowa -.IP -Inhibit the checks normally made before -.I write -commands, allowing a write to any file which the system protection -mechanism will allow. -.SH "ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES" -.PP -The following environment variables affect the behaviour of ex: -.TP -.B COLUMNS -Overrides the system-supplied number of terminal columns. -.TP -.B EXINIT -Contains commands to execute at editor startup. -If this variable is present, the -.I .exrc -file in the user's home directory is ignored. -.TP -.B HOME -Used to locate the editor startup file. -.TP -.BR LANG ", " LC_ALL -See -.IR locale (7). -.TP -.B LC_CTYPE -Determines the mapping of bytes to characters, -types of characters, -case conversion -and composition of character classes in regular expressions. -.TP -.B LC_MESSAGES -Sets the language used for diagnostic and informal messages. -.TP -.B LINES -Overrides the system-supplied number of terminal lines. -.TP -.B NLSPATH -See -.IR catopen (3). -.TP -.B SHELL -The program file used to execute external commands. -.TP -.B TERM -Determines the terminal type. -.SH FILES -.TP -.B /usr/lib/ex/expreserve -preserve command -.TP -.B /usr/lib/ex/exrecover -recover command -.TP -.B /etc/termcap -describes capabilities of terminals -.TP -.B $HOME/.exrc -editor startup file -.TP -.B /var/tmp/Ex\fInnnnnnnnnn\fP -editor temporary -.TP -.B /var/tmp/Rx\fInnnnnnnnnn\fP -named buffer temporary -.TP -.B /var/lib/ex -preservation directory -.SH DOCUMENTATION -The document -.I "Edit: A tutorial" -(USD:14) provides a comprehensive introduction to -.I edit -assuming no previous knowledge of computers or the -.SM UNIX -system. -.PP -The -.I "Ex Reference Manual \(en Version 3.7" -(USD:16) -is a comprehensive and complete manual for the command mode features -of -.I ex. -.\"but one cannot learn to use the editor by reading it. -The -.SM \fIUSAGE\fP -section of this page is taken from the manual. -For an introduction to -more advanced forms of editing using the command mode of -.I ex -see the editing documents written by Brian Kernighan for the editor -.I ed; -the material in the introductory and advanced documents works also with -.I ex. -.PP -.I "An Introduction to Display Editing with Vi" -(USD:15) -introduces the display editor -.I vi -and provides reference material on -.I vi. -(This reference now forms the -.IR vi (1) -manual page). -In addition, the -.I "Vi Quick Reference" -card summarizes the commands -of -.I vi -in a useful, functional way, and is useful with the -.I Introduction. -.SH SEE ALSO -awk(1), -ed(1), -grep(1), -sed(1), -grep(1), -vi(1), -catopen(3), -termcap(5), -environ(7), -locale(7), -regex(7) -.SH AUTHOR -Originally written by William Joy. -.PP -Mark Horton has maintained the editor since version 2.7, adding macros, -support for many unusual terminals, -and other features such as word abbreviation mode. -.PP -This version incorporates changes by Gunnar Ritter. -.SH NOTES -.I Undo -never clears the buffer modified condition. -.PP -The -.I z -command prints a number of logical rather than physical lines. -More than a screen full of output may result if long lines are present. -.PP -File input/output errors don't print a name if the command line \fB`\-'\fR -option is used. -.\".PP -.\"There is no easy way to do a single scan ignoring case. -.PP -The editor does not warn if text is placed in named buffers and not used -before exiting the editor. -.PP -Null (00) characters are converted to 0200 characters -when reading input files, -and cannot appear in resultant files. -.PP -LC_COLLATE locales are ignored; -collating symbols `[.c.]' -and equivalence classes `[=c=]' -in bracket expressions are recognized but useless -since `c' is restricted to a single character -and is the only character matched; -range expressions `[a\-m]' are always evaluated in byte order. |